The company that gave the world Bing Maps says it has created a fourth state of matter to achieve a quantum computing breakthrough.
This week, Microsoft unveiled the Majorana 1 quantum chip, a microprocessor that harnesses the properties of an elusive material called a topological superconductor yielding particles that are neither a liquid or solid, nor a gas. Building on exotic physics research that the tech giant began 17 years ago, Microsoft outlined this new state of matter in a peer-reviewed paper published in the journal Nature.
Microsoft says its chip could be used to solve industrial-scale problems—like designing self-repairing construction materials and accelerating drug discovery—“in years, not decades.” That timeline stands at odds with chip overlord Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang, who tanked quantum computing stocks last month when he mused that useful quantum computers are at least 15 to 20 years away.
- Microsoft’s announcement comes after Google recently unveiled its own quantum chip, Willow. Google says its chip has the ability to make a calculation in five minutes that would take a conventional computer 10 septillion years, albeit for arcane problems with limited practical use cases.
- Intel and IBM are also racing to develop their own quantum computers, and the Chinese government has committed $15.3 billion in an effort to gallop ahead in the field.
Microsoft’s quantum drop is thrilling theoreticians for whom the words “topological entanglement entropy” aren’t gibberish, but let’s look into what it means for the rest of us, and explore whether Majorana 1 is truly a harbinger of a computing revolution.
Computing on steroids
Microsoft’s research was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the government agency tasked with funding cutting-edge research with national security applications. While currently in experimental mode, quantum computing holds the promise of ultra-powerful cryptography and the ability to simulate complex natural systems.
Infusing computers with quantum mechanics know-how enables them to store information via quantum bits that can take the value of a 1 and 0 simultaneously (they’re called qubits).
- Microsoft claims that Majorana 1—which currently holds eight qubits—is designed to house up to 1 million of them.
- The company says that would make its machine mightier than all the world’s current computers combined.
Maverick Microsoft
Typically, qubits are produced by using low temperatures to create superconductors or trapping particles in electric currents. The systems are extremely difficult to scale because qubits are fragile, tending to lose their 1-and-0 quantum state when the computer runs, leading to errors.
While Google says it lowered the error rate by grouping the qubits in a special grid formation, Microsoft claims to have created a different workaround.
Using sophisticated materials engineering, Microsoft’s researchers combined the semiconductor indium arsenide with aluminium, which is a superconductor. They fashioned the unique material into a pair of nanoscopic wires and brought them to an extremely low temperature, spawning particles that constitute an exotic state of matter, known as Majorana particles, with unique properties that make for less error-prone qubits.
Notably, the chip engages with the qubits digitally, making it easier to correct errors while operating at scale.
Don’t get too excited (yet)
More research is needed to see whether this is the breakthrough that gets quantum computing out of the lab and into commercial use. While some researchers unaffiliated with Microsoft are optimistic, they warn that it's a bit of a Schrodinger’s qubit situation. Microsoft’s paper only presents intermediary results, which the company itself disclaims don’t actually prove that the qubits it created truly run on a topological superconductor.
- Independent researchers say that it won’t be apparent whether that can happen until the device gets scaled up—which Microsoft says it plans to do.
- A previous Microsoft-funded paper lauding a topological semiconductor-powered quantum computer had to be retracted in 2021 after the company’s researchers were found to have cherry-picked data.
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There are some hardline detractors. German physicist Vincent Mourik, who pushed for the retraction last time, told Nature he believes Microsoft's method of creating a topological semiconductor is misguided.
Skepticism from some scientists notwithstanding, investors are enthused, buoying the entire quantum computing industry. The quantum computing ETF QTUM opened 1% in the green the day after the chip was announced on Wednesday.
Looking ahead…Microsoft said that it would have to pack its quantum chip with 100 qubits before it is commercially viable and projected that it could become available to cloud customers of Microsoft Azure for experimental tinkering by 2030.—SK
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